Models of counselling.

TCC GROUP 'ONSITE SAFE'
Many times as soon as the word counselling is mentioned I find that a weird look appears upon workers or friends faces.This is of course because of the stigma we associate with anything or anyone who requires such support....they obviously haven't got it together or are mentally weak or feeble .What is counselling though?There may be many interpretations of this, but for me counselling has many levels from the professionally skilled to the interested person who wants to increase there abilities in the interpersonal areas of communication in any circumstance.The idea that we can help one another in the area of communication without having to be a person with mental health issues is to many people a strange one.Increasingly though workers and people of all ages are looking for deeper and greater levels of communication and understanding of themselves and of others so as they can maintain a healthy relationship with themselves and others.Counselling is one of the tools used.Often times this may mean that workers attend a professionally qualified counsellor or clinical psychologist or related profession for such work.It is not a mystery though a to what goes on though.In fact the skills are built upon the natural ones which we have aquired over time.What a counsellor does though is to be a third party to assist and reflect back to us our situation in a less biased and skilled way ,so that our situation can be seen clearer for what it is.You do the work.Its not the counsellor who solves the isues,but they work and share ,learn alongside their client.The skills we learn can be applied to all of our evryday life as appropriate.

As I have said there are many models and forms including group based types of approaches.What they all hve in common is an attempt to facilitate positive life enforcing/empowering skills and solutions .

A common example of a model used is the gerard egan Model from his book the Skilled Helper.this particular model illustrates the process quite clearly.

Here is one example from the following site of a summary of Egans work.Enjoy.


Egan's skilled helper model

This is a 3-stage model or framework offered by Egan as useful in helping people solve problems and develop opportunities. The goals of using the model are to help people 'to manage their problems in living more effectively and develop unused opportunities more fully', and to 'help people become better at helping themselves in their everyday lives.' (Egan G., 'The Skilled Helper', 1998, p7-8). Thus there is an emphasis on empowerment. Also the person s own agenda is central, and the model seeks to move the person towards action leading to outcomes which they choose and value.

This model is not based on a particular theory of personality development, nor on a theory of the ways difficulties develop. It is a framework for conceptualising the helping process, and is best used in working on issues in the recent past and the present.

As with any model, it provides a map, which can be used in exploring, but which is not the territory itself. The Egan model and mentoring are not synonymous; the model can be used in many kinds of helping relationships, and mentoring/co-mentoring can be done using other models, (or none!). The model can and should be used flexibly. The model works best if attention is paid to Rogers' 'core conditions', the helpers approach to the speaker being based on genuineness, respect, and empathy, and if principles of good active listening are remembered throughout.

The Egan model aims to help the speaker address 3 main questions:

1. 'What is going on?'
2. 'What do I want instead?'
3. 'How might I get to what I want?'

Not everyone needs to address all 3 questions, and at times people may move back into previously answered ones. For simplicity, we'll look at the model sequentially. However, the skilled helper will work with the speaker in all or any of the stages, and move back and forward, as appropriate.
Diagram of the Model
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3
Current Scenario Preferred Scenario Action Strategies
1a - The story (What's going on?) 2a - Possibilities (Ideally ,what do I want instead?) 3a - Possible actions (How many ways are there?)

1b - Blind spots (What's really going on?) 2b - Change Agenda (SMART goals) 3b - Best fit strategies (What will work for me?)

1c - Leverage (Focussing/prioritising) 2c - Commitment (Check goals are right) 3c - Plan (What next and when?)
Action Leading to Valued Outcomes

In the diagram of the whole model

* Top row: la, 2a, 3a expansive, exploratory and creative
* Middle row: 1b, 2b, 3b.... challenging, reality testing, and selecting
* Bottom row: 1c, 2c, 3c.... focussing, committing, moving forward

Remember, it's ok to go back to previous stages when appropriate; the arrows don't have to be followed slavishly!
STAGE 1 - What's going on?

Stage 1 is about providing a safe place for the speaker to tell their story in their own way, and to be fully heard and acknowledged. It is about a space where a person can hear and understand their own story. It is also about gently helping them lift their head to see the wider picture and other perspectives, and to find a point from which to go forward with hope.

1a - an expansive part

The helper encourages the speaker to tell their story, and by using good active listening skills and demonstrating the core conditions, helps them to explore and unfold the tale, and to reflect. For some, this is enough, for others it is just the beginning. "....as you summarised what I said, all the jumble began to make sense."

Skills in Stage 1a:- active listening, reflecting, paraphrasing, checking understanding, open questions, summarising.

Useful Questions: How do/did you feel about that? What are/were you thinking? What is/was that like for you? Keep them open! What else is there about that?

1b - a challenging part

Since they are in the situation, it can be difficult for the person speaking to see it clearly, or from different angles. With the help of empathic reflections and challenges, the speaker uncovers blind spots or gaps in their perceptions and assessment of the situation, of others and of themselves - their patterns, the impact of their behaviour on the situation, their strengths. "I'd never thought about how it might feel from my colleague's point of view."

* Skills: Challenging; different perspectives, patterns and connections, shoulds and oughts, negative self-talk, blind spots (discrepancies, distortions, incomplete awareness, things implied, what's not said), ownership, specifics, strengths.
* Useful Questions:
o How do others see it/you?
o Is there anything you've overlooked?
o What does he/she think/feel?
o What would s/he say about all this?
o What about all of this is a problem for you?
o Any other way of looking at it?

1c -Focussing and moving forward

People often feel stuck; that is why they want to talk. In this stage, the helper seeks to move the speaker from stuckness to hope by helping Them choose an area that they have the energy to move forward on, that would make a difference and benefit them. "I see now the key place to get started is my relationship with K"

* Skills: Facilitating focussing and prioritising an area to work on.
* Useful Questions:
o What in all of this is the most important?
o What would be best to work on now?
o What would make the most difference?
o What is manageable?

Stage 1 can be 5 minutes or 5 years; it may be all someone needs.
Stage 2 - What do I want instead?

People often move from problem to action, or problem to solution, without reflecting on what they really want, or in what way their problems might be opportunities. Stage 2 is about this, about helping the speaker to open up a picture of what they really want, and how things could be better. This stage is very important in generating energy and hope.

2a - a creative part

The helper helps the speaker to brainstorm their ideal scenario; 'if you could wake up tomorrow with everything just how you want it, like your ideal world, what would it be like?' The speaker is encouraged to broaden their horizon and be imaginative, rather than reflect on practicalities. For some people this is scary, for some liberating. "At first it was really difficult but after a while I Jet my imagination go and began to get really excited about what we could achieve in the department".

* Skills: Brainstorming, facilitating imaginative thinking, i.e.
o Quantity vs. Quality Anything goes - have fun
o Write down ideas verbatim, don't analyse or judge
o Keep prompting - 'what else?'
o Don't hurry, allow lots of time
* Useful Questions:
o What do you ideally want instead?
o What would be happening?
o What would you be doing/thinking/feeling?
o What would you have that you don't have now?
o What would it be like if it were better / a bit better?

2b - a reality testing part

From the creative and visionary brainstorm, the speaker formulates goals which are specific, measurable, achievable/appropriate (for them, in their circumstances), realistic (with reference to the real world), and have a time frame attached, i.e. SMART goals. Goals which are demanding yet achievable are motivating.

"It feels good to be clear that I want a clear understanding with my colleagues about our respective rules and responsibilities."

* Skills: facilitating selecting and reality checking with respect to internal and external landscape.
* Useful Questions:
o What exactly is your goal?
o How would you know when you've got there?
o What could you manage/are you likely to achieve?
o Which feels best for you?
o Out of all that, what would be realistic?
o When do you want to achieve it by?

2c - moving forward

This stage aims to test the realism of the goal before the person moves to action, and to help the speaker check their commitment to the goal by reviewing the costs and benefits to them of achieving it. Is it worth it? "It feels risky but I need to resolve this."

* Skills: facilitation of exploring costs and benefits, and checking commitment to goal.
* Useful Questions:
o What will be the benefits when you achieve this?
o How will it be different for you when you've done this?
o What will be the costs of doing this? Any disadvantages/downsides to doing this?

Stage 3 - How will I get there?

This is the 'how' stage... how will the person move towards the goals they have identified in Stage 2? It is about possible strategies and specific actions, about doing something to get started, whilst considering what/who might help and hinder making the change.

3a - another creative part!

The speaker is helped to brainstorm strategies - 101 ways to achieve the goal - again with prompting and encouragement to think widely. What people, places, ideas, organisations could help? The aim is to free up the person to generate new and different ideas for action, breaking out of old mind-sets. "There were gems of possibilities from seemingly crazy ideas".

* Skills: Facilitation of brainstorming
* Useful Questions:
o How many different ways are there for you to do this?
o Who/what might help?
o What has worked before/for others?
o What about some wild ideas?

3b - focussing in on appropriate strategies

What from the brainstorm might be selected as a strategy that is realistic for the speaker, in their circumstances, consistent with their values? Forcefield analysis can be used here to look at what internal and external factors (individuals and organisations) are likely to help and hinder action and how these can be strengthened or weakened respectively. "I would feel comfortable trying to have a conversation with him about how he sees things".

* Skills for Stage 3b: Facilitation of selecting and reality checking.
* Useful Questions:
o Which of these ideas appeals most?
o Which is most likely to work for you?
o Which are within your resources/control?

3c - moving to action

The aim is to help the speaker plan the next steps. The strategy is broken into bite-size chunks of action. Here the speaker is doing almost all the work, producing their action plan. The helper works with them to turn good intention into specific plans with time scales. Whilst being encouraging, it's also important not to push the speaker into saying they'll do things to please the helper. "I will make sure we have time together before the end of the month. I will book a meeting, so that we can be sure of quiet uninterrupted time. I will organise this before Friday".

* Skills: Facilitation of action planning.
* Useful Questions:
o What will you do first? When?
o What will you do next? When?

If the end point of producing an action plan has been reached, the experience of trying it out could be the starting point for a follow-up mentoring/co-mentoring session. The work would start in stage I again, telling a new story. If an action plan had not been reached, that's fine too, and the model can be used over a series of sessions.

The key in using the model, as with any theory or model, is to keep the speakers agenda central, the individual in the foreground and theory in the background, and to use the model for the person, rather than vice versa.

Reference: 'The Skilled Helper - a problem management approach to helping' by Gerard Egan. Brooks Cole, 6"' edition 1998

Logo Brad Cheek: 22 April 2006